Tuesday, March 18, 2014

New military history research: Swedish warfare and politics in the 17th and 18th centuries


The Scandinavian Journal of History presents four articles of interest to the military historian.

Sari Nauman studies the use of oaths of allegiance.  Nauman states that in the Early Modern period of warfare, territories were won and lost, treaties made and broken.  Having the people of a captured territory swear allegiance to the conquering king helped alleviate some of the problems associated with these back and forth circumstances.  Nauman focuses on Sweden and its rival Denmark-Norway and looks out how these oaths worked during wars and what effect they had after a war was concluded.
 1862-1915 by Jozef Brandt - The March of Swedes for Kiejdany  
(during the 17th century Polish-Swedish War)

Hugo Nordland studies the Covenant of Anjala of 1788-1790 which tried to distinguish citizen duties from military duties.  The document tried to restrict what a person serving in the military could do but some military personnel saw this as restrictive of their duties as citizens of the country they were serving.  Nordland analyzes how persons navigated this dilemma and the effects such decisions had on their political activities.

Erik Petersson writes on the development of the veterans’ home in Sweden.  In 1620, Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus reorganized his army so that the majority of his soldiers were conscripted peasants rather than mercenaries.  Most European armies at the time were made up of mercenaries so Adolphus was developing a new type of military system.  As such, in 1622 the King started a fund for wounded soldiers and by 1640 had opened a home where his wounded soldiers could be taken care of.  Adolphus felt more responsible for his veteran’s than other kings since his army was made up of his subjects.   Wounded soldiers were thus a category of poor that 17th century Sweden decided to care for.

 1893-1895 - Scottish soldiers in service of Gustavus Adolphus, c.1631

Anna Maria Forssberg writes on the politics of Swedish warfare in the 17th century.  Forssberg writes that Swedish kings in the 16th and 17th centuries raised taxes and conscription demands more and more, arguing that these were necessary for the people to protect themselves.  However, Swedish warfare became more offensive in nature which reduced civilian support for these measures.  Forssberg focuses on Charles X Gustav and analyzes the negotiations that occurred between Swedish kings and their subjects concerning these demands, arguments made and the political effects of these discussions.            
about 1655 - Triumph of Charles X Gustavus over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
(allegorical showing Mars and Minerva alongside the king) 

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